Diabetes is a disease in which the pancreas produces little insulin.
Insulin is a hormone that helps human tissues absorb glucose (sugar), so it can be used as a source of energy. This can also occur when muscle, fat, and liver cells are not responding properly to insulin. In people with diabetes, glucose levels in the blood and urine increase, leading to excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism. Diabetes is different from rare diabetes insipidus caused by a lack of the hormone vasopressin, which controls the amount of urine produced.
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Diabetes is most common among adults over the age of 45, people who are overweight or inactive, have immediate family members of diabetes, and are of African descent, Hispanic descent, and Native American descent. Native Americans have the highest rates of diabetes in the world. Women than men are diagnosed with this disease.
There are two types of diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, which usually begins in childhood, the pancreas stops producing insulin completely. It is also called insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 2 diabetes begins in adulthood (some teens) and the body still makes some insulin. However, it does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot use it normally. It is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Diabetes is detected by measuring the level of glucose in a person's blood after fasting (food intake) for about 8 hours. In some cases, doctors diagnose diabetes by using an oral glucose tolerance test, which measures your glucose level before and after consuming a certain amount of sugar. Another test for type 1 diabetes is to look for specific antibodies (proteins of the immune system that attack foreign bodies) that are only present in people with diabetes. This test can detect type 1 diabetes early and reduce the risk of complications.
When diabetes is diagnosed, treatment includes controlling the amount of glucose in the blood and preventing complications. Depending on your type of diabetes, you can achieve this through regular physical exercise, a carefully controlled diet, and medication.
People with type 1 diabetes usually need 2-4 injections of insulin per day to supply their body with insulin, which does not produce insulin. The amount of insulin needed varies from person to person and can be influenced by factors such as a person's level of physical activity, diet, and the presence of other health disorders. Typically, people with type 1 diabetes use a meter several times a day to measure the glucose level in a drop of blood taken by a fingertip. You can then control the amount of insulin injected, exercise, or eat to keep your blood sugar at normal levels. People with type 1 diabetes should carefully adjust their diet by distributing meals and snacks throughout the day so as not to affect insulin supply to help the cells absorb glucose. They also need to eat foods that contain complex sugars, which slow down their breakdown and cause blood sugar levels to rise slowly.
For people with type 2 diabetes, treatment should start with diet, exercise, and weight loss, but over time this treatment may not be enough. People with type 2 diabetes usually work with a dietitian to develop a diet plan that controls blood sugar levels so they don't rise quickly after a meal. Recommended meals are generally low in fat (no more than 30% of total calories), provide medium-level protein (10 to 20% of total calories), and contain a variety of carbohydrates such as beans, vegetables, and grains. . Regular exercise helps your body's cells absorb glucose, even if it is effective to exercise for 10 minutes a day. Diet control and exercise can also affect weight loss, which appears to partially reverse the body's inability to use insulin.
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